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=THE ENLIGHTENMENT=



PKT-3; 2009-2
The Age of Enlightenment, or simply The Enlightenment, is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.[1]

Developing more or less simultaneously in Germany, France, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and buoyed by the North American colonists' successful rebellion against Great Britain in the American War of Independence, the culmination of the movement spread through much of Europe, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia and Scandinavia, along with Latin America and instigating the Haitian Revolution. It has been argued that the signatories of the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791, were motivated by "Enlightenment" principles. [|กาแฟวิ้งไวท์] The term "Enlightenment" came into use in [|English] during the mid-nineteenth century,[|[2]] with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of a term then in use by [|German] writers, //Zeitalter der Aufklärung// (Age of the clarification), signifying generally the philosophical outlook of the eighteenth century. However, the German term //Aufklärung// was not merely applied retrospectively; it was already the common term by 1784, when [|Immanuel Kant] published the influential essay "Answering the Question: [|What is Enlightenment?]" The terminology **Enlightenment** or **Age of Enlightenment** does not represent a single movement or school of thought, for these philosophies were often mutually contradictory or divergent. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of values. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Some classifications of this period also include the late seventeenth century, which is typically known as the [|Age of Reason] or Age of Rationalism.[|[3]]

There is no consensus on when to date the start of the age of Enlightenment, and some scholars simply use the beginning of the eighteenth century or the middle of the seventeenth century as a default date.[|[4]] If taken back to the mid-1600s, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to [|Descartes]' //[|Discourse on the Method]//, published in 1637. Others define the Enlightenment as beginning in Britain's [|Glorious Revolution] of 1688 or with the publication of [|Isaac Newton]'s //[|Principia Mathematica]//. As to its end, some scholars use the [|French Revolution] of 1789 or the beginning of the [|Napoleonic Wars] (1804–15) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment.[|[5]]